Historical reference · 1933–1945

Nazi Germany Military Ranks Encyclopedia

Rank & Reputation

137 ranks and grades across the Army, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, SS, SA, NSDAP, Hitler Youth and Reich Labour Service – with what each one commanded and where it sat against the others.

Compiled by Dr Christian Hardinghaus · part of the World War II History Hub

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Eight organisations ran parallel hierarchies between 1933 and 1945, and they were not interchangeable. A man could be an SS-Sturmbannführer and a Kreisleiter at once, and neither title told you what the other one meant.

This table lists every rank in all eight, with the level it sat at, what it commanded and where it maps onto the others. Search a term, filter by organisation, or sort the whole list by rank order.

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All 137 ranks

Ranks across the military and party organisations

Sorted by rank order within each organisation: Army first, then Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, SS, SA, NSDAP, Hitler Youth and Reich Labour Service.

Schütze (Rifleman)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑1

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Basic enlisted rank, lowest rank in the Army.

Full entry

Function and command scope

Infantryman; basic duties in the unit.

Insignia

Shoulder straps without stars; rank insignia as sleeve badge (no chevrons). Waffenfarbe (branch color) according to troop type.

Requirements

Conscription/recruitment.

Pay group

Enlisted (lowest pay grade).

Variants

Grenadier, Füsilier, Jäger, Panzergrenadier, Panzerschütze, Kanonier (Gunner), Pionier (Pioneer), Kraftfahrer (Driver), Funker (Radio Operator), Fahrer (Driver).

In use

1935–1945 (Wehrmacht).

Notes

Basic rank after basic training. Designation varied by branch (e.g., Grenadier for infantry, Kanonier for artillery).

Sources

H.Dv. 102/1 Section on Rank Designations.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Flieger (Airman)equivalent
Kriegsmarine Matrose (Seaman)equivalent
SS SS-Mannapproximate

Gefreiter (Lance Corporal)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑2

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

First rank after basic rank; recognition for proven service.

Above: Obergefreiter (Senior Lance Corporal) Below: Schütze (Rifleman)

Full entry

Function and command scope

Experienced soldier; possibly squad assistant.

Insignia

Sleeve insignia: one chevron (Winkel); shoulder straps without stars.

Requirements

Proven service; approx. 6–12 months service time.

Pay group

Enlisted.

In use

1935–1945.

Notes

Common enlisted rank. Promotion based on performance and time in service.

Sources

H.Dv. 102/1.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Gefreiterequivalent
Kriegsmarine Matrosengefreiter (Seaman Apprentice)equivalent
SS SS-Sturmmannapproximate

Obergefreiter (Senior Lance Corporal)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑3

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Higher enlisted rank, often squad leader deputy.

Above: Stabsgefreiter (Staff Lance Corporal) Below: Gefreiter (Lance Corporal)

Full entry

Function and command scope

Deputy squad leader or specialist.

Insignia

Sleeve insignia: two chevrons (Winkel); shoulder straps without stars.

Requirements

Further proven service and reliability.

Pay group

Enlisted.

In use

1935–1945.

Notes

Often served as squad leader or specialist (driver, radio operator).

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Obergefreiterequivalent
Kriegsmarine Matrosenobergefreiter (Seaman)equivalent
SS SS-Rottenführerapproximate

Stabsgefreiter (Staff Lance Corporal)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑4

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Highest enlisted rank; often with extended duties.

Above: Unteroffizier (Corporal) Below: Obergefreiter (Senior Lance Corporal)

Full entry

Function and command scope

Deputy squad leader / specialist.

Insignia

Sleeve insignia: extended chevron marking; shoulder straps without stars.

Requirements

Multiple years of service and proven performance.

Pay group

Enlisted (highest grade).

Variants

Hauptgefreiter (used in some units/periods).

In use

1935–1945.

Notes

Relatively rare; often transitioned to NCO corps. Highest enlisted rank before promotion to Unteroffizier.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Hauptgefreiter/Stabsgefreitervaried by period
Kriegsmarine Matrosenstabsgefreiter (Leading Seaman)equivalent

Unteroffizier (Corporal)

Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee (Junior NCOs) · OR‑5

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Lowest NCO rank; squad leader (Gruppenführer).

Above: Unterfeldwebel (Junior Sergeant) Below: Stabsgefreiter (Staff Lance Corporal)

Full entry

Function and command scope

Leadership of a squad (Gruppe, approx. 8–12 men).

Insignia

Shoulder straps with silver NCO braid (Tresse); collar patches with braid.

Requirements

NCO school (Unteroffiziersschule); proven service as Gefreiter.

Pay group

NCO (Unteroffiziere).

In use

1935–1945.

Notes

Foundation of squad leadership. First NCO rank requiring formal training.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Unteroffizierequivalent
Kriegsmarine Maat (Petty Officer 3rd Class)equivalent
SS SS-Unterscharführerapproximate

Unterfeldwebel (Junior Sergeant)

Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee (Junior NCOs) · OR‑6

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Experienced NCO; squad leader or deputy platoon leader.

Above: Feldwebel (Sergeant) Below: Unteroffizier (Corporal)

Full entry

Function and command scope

Squad leadership; deputy platoon leader.

Insignia

Like Unteroffizier, with additional distinguishing stars.

Requirements

Proven service as Unteroffizier.

Pay group

NCO (Unteroffiziere).

In use

1935–1945.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Unterfeldwebelequivalent
Kriegsmarine Obermaatequivalent
SS SS-Scharführerapproximate

Feldwebel (Sergeant)

Unteroffiziere mit Portepee (Senior NCOs) · OR‑7

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Platoon leader (Zugführer) or company sergeant major ('Spieß').

Above: Oberfeldwebel (Staff Sergeant) Below: Unterfeldwebel (Junior Sergeant)

Full entry

Function and command scope

Platoon leadership; company staff duties.

Insignia

NCO braid on collar/shoulder; distinguishing stars. Portepee authorized.

In use

1935–1945.

Notes

Backbone of the company as sergeant major ('Spieß'). Key leadership position.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Feldwebelequivalent
Kriegsmarine Bootsmannequivalent
SS SS-Oberscharführerapproximate

Oberfeldwebel (Staff Sergeant)

Unteroffiziere mit Portepee (Senior NCOs) · OR‑8

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Senior NCO; often company sergeant major or senior platoon leader.

Above: Stabsfeldwebel (Master Sergeant) Below: Feldwebel (Sergeant)

Full entry

Function and command scope

Senior company NCO (Hauptfeldwebel duties) or experienced platoon leader.

Insignia

NCO braid with additional rank stars on shoulder straps. Portepee authorized.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Oberfeldwebelequivalent
SS SS-Hauptscharführerapproximate

Stabsfeldwebel (Master Sergeant)

Unteroffiziere mit Portepee (Senior NCOs) · OR‑9

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Highest NCO rank; battalion-level senior NCO or specialist.

Above: Leutnant Below: Oberfeldwebel

Full entry

Function and command scope

Battalion staff NCO; senior technical specialist.

Insignia

NCO braid with distinctive rank stars. Portepee authorized.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Stabsfeldwebelequivalent
SS SS-Sturmscharführerapproximate

Leutnant (Second Lieutenant)

Offiziere (Company Officers) · OF‑1

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Lowest officer rank; platoon leader.

Above: Oberleutnant Below: Stabsfeldwebel

Full entry

Function and command scope

Platoon leader (Zugführer, 30–40 men); company staff officer.

Insignia

Officer shoulder boards (Schulterstücke) with one star (pip). Silver braid.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Leutnantequivalent
SS SS-Untersturmführerapproximate

Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant)

Offiziere (Company Officers) · OF‑1

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Senior lieutenant; platoon leader or company executive officer.

Above: Hauptmann Below: Leutnant

Full entry

Function and command scope

Experienced platoon leader; deputy company commander.

Insignia

Officer shoulder boards with two stars (pips). Silver braid.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Oberleutnantequivalent
SS SS-Obersturmführerapproximate

Hauptmann (Captain)

Offiziere (Company Officers) · OF‑2

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Company commander (Kompaniechef).

Above: Major Below: Oberleutnant

Full entry

Function and command scope

Command of a company (100–250 men); battalion staff officer.

Insignia

Officer shoulder boards with three stars. Silver braid.

Variants

Rittmeister (cavalry units).

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Hauptmannequivalent
SS SS-Hauptsturmführerapproximate

Major (Major)

Stabsoffiziere (Field Officers) · OF‑3

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Battalion commander or senior staff officer.

Above: Oberstleutnant Below: Hauptmann

Full entry

Function and command scope

Battalion commander (500–1000 men); regimental staff officer.

Insignia

Officer shoulder boards with oak leaves. Gold braid.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Majorequivalent
SS SS-Sturmbannführerapproximate

Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel)

Stabsoffiziere (Field Officers) · OF‑4

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Senior battalion commander or regimental executive officer.

Above: Oberst Below: Major

Full entry

Function and command scope

Large battalion commander; deputy regimental commander; divisional staff.

Insignia

Officer shoulder boards with oak leaves and one star. Gold braid.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Oberstleutnantequivalent
SS SS-Obersturmbannführerapproximate

Oberst (Colonel)

Stabsoffiziere (Field Officers) · OF‑5

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Regimental commander (Regimentskommandeur).

Above: Generalmajor Below: Oberstleutnant

Full entry

Function and command scope

Command of a regiment (2000–3000 men); brigade commander.

Insignia

Officer shoulder boards with oak leaves and two stars. Gold braid.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Oberstequivalent
SS SS-Standartenführerapproximate

Generalmajor (Major General)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑6

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Divisional commander or senior corps staff officer.

Above: Generalleutnant Below: Oberst

Full entry

Function and command scope

Division commander (10,000–20,000 men); corps staff.

Insignia

General officer boards with crossed batons and one star. Gold braid.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Generalmajorequivalent
SS SS-Brigadeführerapproximate

Generalleutnant (Lieutenant Gen.)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑7

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Corps commander or senior army staff officer.

Above: General der Infanterie/etc. Below: Generalmajor

Full entry

Function and command scope

Corps commander (30,000–50,000 men); army staff.

Insignia

General officer boards with crossed batons and two stars.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Generalleutnantequivalent
SS SS-Gruppenführerapproximate

General der (Waffengattung)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑8

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Army commander or OKH senior staff.

Above: Generaloberst Below: Generalleutnant

Full entry

Function and command scope

Army commander (100,000+ men); OKH senior positions.

Insignia

General officer boards with crossed batons and three stars.

Variants

General der Infanterie, General der Panzertruppe, General der Artillerie etc.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe General der Flieger/etc.equivalent
SS SS-Obergruppenführerapproximate

Generaloberst (Colonel General)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑9

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Army group commander or OKH Chief of Staff.

Above: Generalfeldmarschall Below: General

Full entry

Function and command scope

Army Group commander (500,000+ men); OKH Chief of Staff.

Insignia

General officer boards with crossed batons and oak leaves.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Generaloberstequivalent
SS SS-Oberst-Gruppenführerapproximate

Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑10

Wehrmacht – Heer (Army)

Highest Wehrmacht rank; ceremonial and strategic command.

Below: Generaloberst

Full entry

Function and command scope

Supreme operational command; strategic advisory to Hitler.

Insignia

General officer boards with batons & oak leaves wreath. Field Marshal's baton.

Notes

Highest military rank. Only 25 Wehrmacht officers achieved this rank.

Equivalents in other organisations

Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschallequivalent
SS Reichsführer-SSunique position

Flieger (Airman)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑1

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Basic enlisted rank in the Luftwaffe, lowest rank.

Above: Gefreiter

Full entry

Function and command scope

Basic duties in air force units; ground crew, support personnel.

Insignia

Shoulder straps without stars; Waffenfarbe yellow or red. No chevrons.

Variants

Fliegerschütze, Bordfunker, Bordmechaniker.

Equivalents in other organisations

Army Schützeequivalent
SS SS-Mannapproximate

Gefreiter (Lance Corporal)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑2

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

First rank after basic rank; recognition for proven service.

Above: Obergefreiter Below: Flieger

Full entry

Function and command scope

Experienced airman; possibly crew assistant or specialist.

Insignia

Sleeve insignia: one chevron (Winkel).

Equivalents in other organisations

Army Gefreiterequivalent

Obergefreiter (Senior Lance Corporal)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑3

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Higher enlisted rank, often specialist or crew leader.

Above: Hauptgefreiter Below: Gefreiter

Full entry

Function and command scope

Specialist (mechanic, radio operator); crew leader.

Insignia

Sleeve insignia: two chevrons.

Equivalents in other organisations

Army Obergefreiterequivalent

Hauptgefreiter (Chief Lance Corporal)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑4

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Highest enlisted rank in Luftwaffe; senior specialist.

Above: Unteroffizier Below: Obergefreiter

Full entry

Function and command scope

Senior specialist; crew chief.

Insignia

Extended chevron marking.

Equivalents in other organisations

Army Stabsgefreiterequivalent

Unteroffizier (Corporal)

Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee (Junior NCOs) · OR‑5

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Lowest NCO rank; crew leader or technical supervisor.

Above: Unterfeldwebel Below: Hauptgefreiter

Full entry

Function and command scope

Crew leader; technical section leader.

Unterfeldwebel (Junior Sergeant)

Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee (Junior NCOs) · OR‑6

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Experienced NCO; senior crew leader.

Above: Feldwebel Below: Unteroffizier

Feldwebel (Sergeant)

Unteroffiziere mit Portepee (Senior NCOs) · OR‑7

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Senior NCO; flight crew leader.

Above: Oberfeldwebel Below: Unterfeldwebel

Oberfeldwebel (Staff Sergeant)

Unteroffiziere mit Portepee (Senior NCOs) · OR‑8

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Senior NCO; senior flight crew leader.

Above: Stabsfeldwebel Below: Feldwebel

Stabsfeldwebel (Master Sergeant)

Unteroffiziere mit Portepee (Senior NCOs) · OR‑9

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Highest NCO rank; master technician.

Above: Leutnant Below: Oberfeldwebel

Leutnant (Second Lieutenant)

Offiziere (Company Officers) · OF‑1

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Lowest officer rank; flight leader.

Above: Oberleutnant Below: Stabsfeldwebel

Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant)

Offiziere (Company Officers) · OF‑1

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Senior lieutenant; flight leader.

Above: Hauptmann Below: Leutnant

Hauptmann (Captain)

Offiziere (Company Officers) · OF‑2

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Squadron commander (Staffelkapitän).

Above: Major Below: Oberleutnant

Major (Major)

Stabsoffiziere (Field Officers) · OF‑3

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Group commander (Gruppenkommandeur).

Above: Oberstleutnant Below: Hauptmann

Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel)

Stabsoffiziere (Field Officers) · OF‑4

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Senior group commander or wing executive officer.

Above: Oberst Below: Major

Oberst (Colonel)

Stabsoffiziere (Field Officers) · OF‑5

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Wing commander (Geschwaderkommodore).

Above: Generalmajor Below: Oberstleutnant

Generalmajor (Major General)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑6

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Air division commander.

Above: Generalleutnant Below: Oberst

Generalleutnant (Lieutenant Gen.)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑7

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Air corps commander.

Above: General Below: Generalmajor

General der Flieger (General)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑8

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Air fleet commander or OKL senior staff.

Above: Generaloberst Below: Generalleutnant

Generaloberst (Colonel General)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑9

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Senior air fleet commander or OKL Chief of Staff.

Above: Generalfeldmarschall Below: General

Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑10

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Highest Luftwaffe rank; ceremonial and strategic command.

Above: Reichsmarschall Below: Generaloberst

Reichsmarschall (Reich Marshal)

Generale (General Officers) · OF‑10+

Wehrmacht – Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Unique rank created exclusively for Hermann Göring.

Below: Generalfeldmarschall

Full entry

Function and command scope

Supreme commander of the Luftwaffe.

Notes

Unique rank in German military history.

Matrose (Seaman)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑1

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Basic enlisted rank in the Kriegsmarine, lowest naval rank.

Above: Matrosengefreiter

Matrosengefreiter (Able Seaman)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑2

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

First rank after basic rank; recognition for proven service at sea.

Above: Matrosenobergefreiter Below: Matrose

Matrosenobergefreiter (Leading Seaman)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑3

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Higher enlisted rank, often specialist or section assistant.

Above: Matrosenhauptgefreiter Below: Matrosengefreiter

Matrosenhauptgefreiter (Senior Leading Seaman)

Mannschaften (Enlisted) · OR‑4

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Highest enlisted rank in Kriegsmarine; senior specialist.

Above: Maat Below: Matrosenobergefreiter

Maat (Petty Officer)

Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee (Junior NCOs) · OR‑5

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Lowest NCO rank; section leader aboard ship.

Above: Obermaat Below: Matrosenhauptgefreiter

Obermaat (Senior Petty Officer)

Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee (Junior NCOs) · OR‑6

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Experienced NCO; senior section leader.

Above: Bootsmann Below: Maat

Bootsmann (Boatswain)

Unteroffiziere mit Portepee (Senior NCOs) · OR‑7

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Senior NCO; division leader or senior technical specialist.

Above: Oberbootsmann Below: Obermaat

Oberbootsmann (Chief Boatswain)

Unteroffiziere mit Portepee (Senior NCOs) · OR‑8

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Senior NCO; senior division leader or department chief.

Above: Stabsoberbootsmann Below: Bootsmann

Stabsoberbootsmann (Senior Chief Boatswain)

Unteroffiziere mit Portepee (Senior NCOs) · OR‑9

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Highest NCO rank; ship's senior NCO or master specialist.

Above: Leutnant zur See Below: Oberbootsmann

Leutnant zur See (Ensign)

Offiziere (Company Officers) · OF‑1

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Lowest officer rank; junior watch officer.

Above: Oberleutnant zur See Below: Stabsoberbootsmann

Oberleutnant zur See (Sub-Lieutenant)

Offiziere (Company Officers) · OF‑1

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Senior lieutenant; watch officer.

Above: Kapitänleutnant Below: Leutnant zur See

Kapitänleutnant (Lieutenant)

Offiziere (Company Officers) · OF‑2

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

U-boat commander; department head.

Above: Korvettenkapitän Below: Oberleutnant zur See

Korvettenkapitän (Lieutenant Commander)

Stabsoffiziere (Field Officers) · OF‑3

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Senior U-boat commander; light cruiser commander.

Above: Fregattenkapitän Below: Kapitänleutnant

Fregattenkapitän (Commander)

Stabsoffiziere (Field Officers) · OF‑4

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Heavy cruiser commander; U-boat flotilla commander.

Above: Kapitän zur See Below: Korvettenkapitän

Kapitän zur See (Captain at Sea)

Stabsoffiziere (Field Officers) · OF‑5

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Battleship/aircraft carrier commander.

Above: Konteradmiral Below: Fregattenkapitän

Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral)

Admirale (Flag Officers) · OF‑6

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Squadron commander or senior fleet staff officer.

Above: Vizeadmiral Below: Kapitän zur See

Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral)

Admirale (Flag Officers) · OF‑7

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Fleet commander or senior naval command staff.

Above: Admiral Below: Konteradmiral

Admiral (Admiral)

Admirale (Flag Officers) · OF‑8

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Fleet group commander or OKM senior staff.

Above: Generaladmiral Below: Vizeadmiral

Generaladmiral (General Admiral)

Admirale (Flag Officers) · OF‑9

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Supreme fleet commander or OKM Chief of Staff.

Above: Großadmiral Below: Admiral

Großadmiral (Grand Admiral)

Admirale (Flag Officers) · OF‑10

Wehrmacht – Kriegsmarine (Navy)

Highest Kriegsmarine rank; Supreme Commander of the Navy.

Below: Generaladmiral

SS-Anwärter (Candidate)

Mannschaften (OR‑1)

SS / Waffen-SS

Probationary rank; candidate for SS membership.

Above: SS-Mann

SS-Mann (Private)

Mannschaften (OR‑1)

SS / Waffen-SS

Basic SS rank; full SS member.

Above: SS-Sturmmann Below: SS-Anwärter

SS-Sturmmann (Lance Corporal)

Mannschaften (OR‑2)

SS / Waffen-SS

First rank after basic rank; experienced SS soldier.

Above: SS-Rottenführer Below: SS-Mann

SS-Rottenführer (Senior Lance Corporal)

Mannschaften (OR‑3)

SS / Waffen-SS

Team leader; lowest leadership rank.

Above: SS-Unterscharführer Below: SS-Sturmmann

SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal)

Unterführer (OR‑5)

SS / Waffen-SS

Squad leader; lowest NCO rank.

Above: SS-Scharführer Below: SS-Rottenführer

SS-Scharführer (Junior Sergeant)

Unterführer (OR‑6)

SS / Waffen-SS

Experienced squad leader or section leader.

Above: SS-Oberscharführer Below: SS-Unterscharführer

SS-Oberscharführer (Sergeant)

Unterführer (OR‑7)

SS / Waffen-SS

Platoon sergeant or senior section leader.

Above: SS-Hauptscharführer Below: SS-Scharführer

SS-Hauptscharführer (Staff Sergeant)

Unterführer (OR‑8)

SS / Waffen-SS

Company sergeant major; senior NCO.

Above: SS-Sturmscharführer Below: SS-Oberscharführer

SS-Sturmscharführer (Master Sergeant)

Unterführer (OR‑9)

SS / Waffen-SS

Highest NCO rank; battalion senior NCO.

Above: SS-Untersturmführer Below: SS-Hauptscharführer

SS-Untersturmführer (Second Lieutenant)

Führer (OF‑1)

SS / Waffen-SS

Lowest officer rank; platoon leader.

Above: SS-Obersturmführer Below: SS-Sturmscharführer

SS-Obersturmführer (First Lieutenant)

Führer (OF‑1)

SS / Waffen-SS

Senior lieutenant; platoon leader or company executive officer.

Above: SS-Hauptsturmführer Below: SS-Untersturmführer

SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain)

Führer (OF‑2)

SS / Waffen-SS

Company commander. In the camp system, a rank frequently held by commandants of smaller camps and by heads of camp departments.

Above: SS-Sturmbannführer Below: SS-Obersturmführer

SS-Sturmbannführer (Major)

Führer (OF‑3)

SS / Waffen-SS

Battalion commander. Also the usual rank of commandants of the larger concentration camps.

Above: SS-Obersturmbannführer Below: SS-Hauptsturmführer

SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel)

Führer (OF‑4)

SS / Waffen-SS

Senior battalion commander or regimental executive officer.

Above: SS-Standartenführer Below: SS-Sturmbannführer

SS-Standartenführer (Colonel)

Führer (OF‑5)

SS / Waffen-SS

Regimental commander; in the camp administration, an inspectorate-level post.

Above: SS-Oberführer Below: SS-Obersturmbannführer

SS-Oberführer (Senior Colonel)

Führer (OF‑5+)

SS / Waffen-SS

Senior regimental commander or brigade commander; unique SS rank.

Above: SS-Brigadeführer Below: SS-Standartenführer

SS-Brigadeführer (Major General)

Generale (OF‑6)

SS / Waffen-SS

Divisional commander or senior corps staff officer.

Above: SS-Gruppenführer Below: SS-Oberführer

SS-Gruppenführer (Lieutenant Gen.)

Generale (OF‑7)

SS / Waffen-SS

Corps commander or senior staff officer.

Above: SS-Obergruppenführer Below: SS-Brigadeführer

SS-Obergruppenführer (General)

Generale (OF‑8)

SS / Waffen-SS

Army commander or OKW/RSHA senior staff.

Above: SS-Oberstgruppenführer Below: SS-Gruppenführer

SS-Oberstgruppenführer (Colonel General)

Generale (OF‑9)

SS / Waffen-SS

Army group commander or highest SS operational command.

Above: Reichsführer-SS Below: SS-Obergruppenführer

Reichsführer-SS (Reich Leader-SS)

Generale (OF‑10+)

SS / Waffen-SS

Supreme commander of the entire SS; exclusively Himmler.

Below: SS-Oberstgruppenführer

SA-Mann (Private)

Mannschaften (OR‑1)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Basic SA rank; stormtrooper.

Above: SA-Sturmmann

SA-Sturmmann (Lance Corporal)

Mannschaften (OR‑2)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Experienced stormtrooper; first rank above basic.

Above: SA-Rottenführer Below: SA-Mann

SA-Rottenführer (Senior Lance Corporal)

Mannschaften (OR‑3)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Section leader; lowest leadership rank.

Above: SA-Scharführer Below: SA-Sturmmann

SA-Scharführer (Corporal)

Unterführer (OR‑5)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Squad leader; NCO rank.

Above: SA-Oberscharführer Below: SA-Rottenführer

SA-Oberscharführer (Junior Sergeant)

Unterführer (OR‑6)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Senior squad leader; experienced NCO.

Above: SA-Truppführer Below: SA-Scharführer

SA-Truppführer (Troop Leader)

Unterführer (OR‑7)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Platoon leader; senior NCO.

Above: SA-Obertruppführer Below: SA-Oberscharführer

SA-Obertruppführer (Senior Troop Leader)

Unterführer (OR‑8)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Senior platoon leader; highest NCO rank.

Above: SA-Sturmführer Below: SA-Truppführer

SA-Sturmführer (Second Lieutenant)

Führer (OF‑1)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Company commander; lowest officer rank.

Above: SA-Obersturmführer Below: SA-Obertruppführer

SA-Obersturmführer (First Lieutenant)

Führer (OF‑1)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Senior company commander or battalion staff officer.

Above: SA-Hauptsturmführer Below: SA-Sturmführer

SA-Hauptsturmführer (Captain)

Führer (OF‑2)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Battalion staff officer or senior company commander.

Above: SA-Sturmbannführer Below: SA-Obersturmführer

SA-Sturmbannführer (Major)

Führer (OF‑3)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Battalion commander or district SA leader.

Above: SA-Obersturmbannführer Below: SA-Hauptsturmführer

SA-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel)

Führer (OF‑4)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Senior battalion commander or regimental staff officer.

Above: SA-Standartenführer Below: SA-Sturmbannführer

SA-Standartenführer (Colonel)

Führer (OF‑5)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Regimental commander or regional SA leader.

Above: SA-Oberführer Below: SA-Obersturmbannführer

SA-Oberführer (Senior Colonel)

Führer (OF‑5+)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Brigade commander or senior regional SA leader.

Above: SA-Brigadeführer Below: SA-Standartenführer

SA-Brigadeführer (Major General)

Generale (OF‑6)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Brigade commander or regional SA group leader.

Above: SA-Gruppenführer Below: SA-Oberführer

SA-Gruppenführer (Lieutenant Gen.)

Generale (OF‑7)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Regional SA group commander; senior SA leader.

Above: SA-Obergruppenführer Below: SA-Brigadeführer

SA-Obergruppenführer (General)

Generale (OF‑8)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Senior regional commander or SA Chief of Staff deputy.

Above: Stabschef der SA Below: SA-Gruppenführer

Stabschef der SA (SA Chief of Staff)

Generale (OF‑10+)

SA (Sturmabteilung)

Supreme commander of the entire SA; highest SA rank.

Below: SA-Obergruppenführer

Parteimitglied (Party Member)

Basis

NSDAP (party hierarchy)

Basic NSDAP membership; no leadership function.

Above: Blockhelfer

Blockhelfer (Block Assistant)

Unterste Führungsebene

NSDAP (party hierarchy)

Assistant to Blockleiter; lowest party leadership function.

Above: Blockleiter Below: Parteimitglied

Blockleiter (Block Leader)

Unterste Führungsebene

NSDAP (party hierarchy)

Neighborhood block leader; responsible for 40-60 households.

Above: Zellenleiter Below: Blockhelfer

Zellenleiter (Cell Leader)

Untere Führungsebene

NSDAP (party hierarchy)

Cell leader; supervised 4-8 Blockleiter.

Above: Ortsgruppenleiter Below: Blockleiter

Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader)

Mittlere Führungsebene

NSDAP (party hierarchy)

Local group leader; supervised 4-8 Zellenleiter.

Above: Kreisleiter Below: Zellenleiter

Kreisleiter (County Leader)

Mittlere Führungsebene

NSDAP (party hierarchy)

District leader; supervised multiple Ortsgruppen.

Above: Gauleiter Below: Ortsgruppenleiter

Gauleiter (District Leader)

Obere Führungsebene

NSDAP (party hierarchy)

Regional leader; supreme party authority in Gau.

Above: Reichsleiter Below: Kreisleiter

Reichsleiter (Reich Leader)

Höchste Führungsebene

NSDAP (party hierarchy)

Reich leader; highest party rank below Hitler.

Above: Führer Below: Gauleiter

Führer (Leader)

Absolute Führungsebene

NSDAP (party hierarchy)

Absolute leader of NSDAP and Nazi Germany; Adolf Hitler.

Below: Reichsleiter

HJ-Mitglied (HJ Member)

Basis (14-18 Jahre)

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Basic membership in HJ or BDM.

Above: Kameradschaftsführer

Pimpf / Jungmädel (Cub / Young Girl)

Basis (10-14 Jahre)

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Basic youth membership in DJ (boys) or JM (girls).

Above: Jungzugführer

Jungenschaftsführer (Junior Squad Leader)

Unterführer

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Squad leader in the Deutsches Jungvolk or Jungmädel; commanded a Jungenschaft of about ten children. The first leadership rung.

Above: Jungzugführer Below: Pimpf / Jungmädel

Kameradschaftsführer (Comrade Leader)

Unterführer

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Squad leader in HJ or BDM; first leadership rank.

Above: Scharführer Below: HJ-Mitglied

Jungzugführer (Junior Platoon Leader)

Unterführer

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Platoon leader in the Deutsches Jungvolk or Jungmädel; commanded a Jungzug of roughly fifty children.

Above: Jungstammführer Below: Jungenschaftsführer

Scharführer (Squad Leader)

Unterführer

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Platoon leader in HJ or BDM.

Above: Gefolgschaftsführer Below: Kameradschaftsführer

Jungstammführer (Junior Unit Leader)

Führer

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Company-level leader in DJ or JM.

Above: HJ-Führer Below: Jungenschaftsführer

Gefolgschaftsführer (Cadre Unit Leader)

Führer

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Company commander in HJ or BDM.

Above: Stammführer Below: Scharführer

Stammführer (Unit Leader)

Führer (Leaders, ages 18-25)

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Battalion commander in HJ or BDM; professional youth leader.

Above: Bannführer (HJ) / Mädeluntergauführerin (BDM) Below: Gefolgschaftsführer (HJ) / Mädelgruppenführerin (BDM)

Full entry

Function and command scope

HJ: Commanded battalion (Stamm, 600-800 boys). BDM: Led ring (Mädelring, 600-800 girls).

Insignia

HJ: Brown uniform, black pants, four white stripes on left sleeve. BDM: Dark blue uniform jacket, four white stripes.

Requirements

Age 18-25; extensive leadership experience; full-time position.

Pay group

Salary (full-time position).

In use

1926–1945.

Notes

Battalion-level command. Professional full-time youth leaders. Regional authority.

Equivalents in other organisations

NSDAP Kreisleiterapproximate
SA SA-Sturmbannführerbattalion commander
Wehrmacht Hauptmannofficer equivalent

Bannführer (Banner Leader)

Führer (Leaders, ages 20-30)

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Regimental commander in HJ or BDM; district youth leader.

Above: Gebietsführer (HJ) / Mädelobergauführerin (BDM) Below: Stammführer (HJ) / Mädelringführerin (BDM)

Full entry

Function and command scope

HJ: Commanded regiment (Bann, 3,000-5,000 boys); district HJ leader. BDM: Led sub-region (Untergau, 3,000-5,000 girls).

Insignia

HJ: Brown uniform, peaked cap with chin cord, special collar patches. BDM: Dark blue uniform, special collar patches.

Requirements

Age 20-30; extensive command experience.

Pay group

Salary (senior full-time position).

In use

1926–1945.

Notes

Regimental/district command. Senior professional youth leaders. Coordinated with NSDAP and government officials.

Equivalents in other organisations

NSDAP Kreisleiterdistrict level
Wehrmacht Major / Oberstleutnantofficer equivalent

Gebietsführer (Area Leader)

Führer (Leaders, ages 25-40)

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Regional commander in HJ or BDM; highest regional youth leader.

Above: Reichsjugendführer (HJ) Below: Bannführer (HJ)

Full entry

Function and command scope

HJ: Commanded region (Gebiet, 50,000-100,000 boys). BDM: Led region (Obergau, 50,000-100,000 girls).

Insignia

HJ: Brown uniform with elaborate decorations, special collar patches with oak leaves.

Requirements

Age 25-40; exceptional leadership; appointed by Reichsjugendführer.

Pay group

High salary (senior leadership).

In use

1926–1945.

Notes

Highest regional HJ/BDM command. Very powerful positions coordinating with Gauleiter.

Equivalents in other organisations

NSDAP Gauleiterregional authority
Wehrmacht Generalmajor / Generalleutnantgeneral officer equivalent

Reichsjugendführer (Reich Youth Leader)

Höchste Führungsebene

Hitlerjugend and Bund Deutscher Mädel

Supreme commander of all HJ or BDM; highest youth leader in Nazi Germany.

Above: Führer (Adolf Hitler) Below: Gebietsführer (HJ)

Full entry

Function and command scope

Supreme commander of entire Hitlerjugend; controlled all youth organizations; direct subordinate to Hitler.

Insignia

Brown uniform with highest decorations, unique insignia, many medals.

Requirements

Appointed by Hitler; absolute loyalty; member of Hitler's inner circle.

Pay group

Highest salary; enormous power.

In use

1931–1945.

Notes

Holders: Baldur von Schirach (1931-1940), Artur Axmann (1940-1945). BDM equivalent was BDM-Reichsreferentin (Jutta Rüdiger).

Equivalents in other organisations

NSDAP ReichsleiterReich-level leadership
SA Stabschef der SAsupreme commander equivalent

Arbeitsmaid (Work Maid)

Basis (Frauen)

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Basic female RAD servicemaid.

Above: Oberarbeitsmaid

Full entry

Function and command scope

Domestic labor: farm work, household assistance, childcare.

Insignia

Blue RAD uniform, RAD armband with swastika.

Equivalents in other organisations

RAD (male) Arbeitsmannmale equivalent

Arbeitsmann (Labour Serviceman)

Basis (18-25 Jahre)

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Basic RAD serviceman; mandatory 6-month labor service.

Above: Oberarbeitsmann

Oberarbeitsmaid (Senior Work Maid)

Mannschaften (Frauen)

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Senior female labor servicemaid.

Above: Maidführerin Below: Arbeitsmaid

Full entry

Function and command scope

Experienced domestic worker; assisted Maidführerin.

Insignia

Blue RAD uniform, one chevron on left sleeve.

Equivalents in other organisations

RAD (male) Oberarbeitsmannmale equivalent

Oberarbeitsmann (Senior Labour Serviceman)

Mannschaften

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Senior labor serviceman; experienced worker.

Above: Vormann Below: Arbeitsmann

Full entry

Function and command scope

Experienced manual laborer; assisted Vormann; led small work details.

Insignia

Brown RAD uniform, one chevron (inverted V) on left sleeve, spade, RAD armband.

Equivalents in other organisations

Wehrmacht Gefreitersenior enlisted
SA SA-Sturmmannsenior rank

Vormann (Foreman)

Unterführer

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Foreman; led small work squad (10-15 men).

Above: Obervormann Below: Oberarbeitsmann

Full entry

Function and command scope

Led work squad (Kameradschaft); supervised daily labor; maintained discipline.

Insignia

Brown RAD uniform, two chevrons on left sleeve, spade, RAD armband.

Equivalents in other organisations

Wehrmacht Obergefreitersquad leader level

Obervormann (Senior Foreman)

Unterführer

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Senior foreman; assistant to Truppführer.

Above: Truppführer (Troop Leader) Below: Vormann (Foreman)

Full entry

Function and command scope

Senior foreman; assisted Truppführer; supervised multiple work squads.

Insignia

Brown RAD uniform, three chevrons on left sleeve, spade, RAD armband.

Pay group

NCO salary.

Equivalents in other organisations

Wehrmacht Stabsgefreitersenior enlisted

Maidführerin (Maid Leader)

Unterführer (Frauen)

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Female group leader; led RAD-wJ work group.

Above: RAD-wJ-Führerin Below: Oberarbeitsmaid

Full entry

Function and command scope

Led female work group (Maidschaft, 10-15 women); supervised domestic labor.

Insignia

Blue RAD uniform, collar patches with pips.

Equivalents in other organisations

RAD (male) Truppführermale equivalent

Truppführer (Troop Leader)

Unterführer

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Troop leader; commanded RAD troop.

Above: Obertruppführer Below: Obervormann

Full entry

Function and command scope

Commanded RAD troop (Trupp, 50-200 men); organized labor projects.

Insignia

Brown RAD uniform, collar patches with one pip (square).

Equivalents in other organisations

Wehrmacht Feldwebelsenior NCO

Obertruppführer (Senior Troop Leader)

Unterführer

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Senior troop leader; commanded large RAD troop or assisted Oberfeldmeister.

Above: Oberfeldmeister Below: Truppführer

Full entry

Function and command scope

Commanded large RAD troop (150-250 men) or served as deputy.

Insignia

Brown RAD uniform, collar patches with two pips.

Equivalents in other organisations

Wehrmacht Hauptfeldwebelsenior NCO

Oberfeldmeister (Senior Field Master)

Führer

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Senior field master; commanded RAD battalion.

Above: Arbeitsführer Below: Obertruppführer

Full entry

Function and command scope

Commanded RAD Abteilung (battalion, 600-1,200 men).

Insignia

Brown RAD uniform, collar patches with three pips.

Equivalents in other organisations

Wehrmacht Leutnant / Oberleutnantjunior officer

Arbeitsführer (Labour Leader)

Führer

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Labor leader; commanded RAD Gruppe (regiment).

Above: Oberarbeitsführer Below: Oberfeldmeister

Full entry

Function and command scope

Commanded RAD Gruppe (regiment, 2,000-4,000 men); regional RAD commander.

Insignia

Brown RAD uniform, collar patches with four pips, ceremonial spade.

Equivalents in other organisations

Wehrmacht Hauptmann / Majorsenior officer

RAD-wJ-Führerin (RAD-wJ Leader)

Führer (Frauen)

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Senior female RAD leader; commanded RAD-wJ regional units.

Above: Reichsreferentin des RAD-wJ Below: Maidführerin

Full entry

Function and command scope

Commanded RAD-wJ regional units; coordinated female labor service in region.

Insignia

Blue RAD uniform with decorations, special collar patches.

Equivalents in other organisations

RAD (male) Arbeitsführermale equivalent

Oberarbeitsführer (Senior Labour Leader)

Führer

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Senior labor leader; commanded RAD Bezirk (district).

Above: Generalarbeitsführer Below: Arbeitsführer

Full entry

Function and command scope

Commanded RAD Bezirk (district, 10,000-20,000 men).

Insignia

Brown RAD uniform, collar patches with oak leaves and pips.

Equivalents in other organisations

Wehrmacht Oberstleutnant / Oberstfield grade officer

Generalarbeitsführer (General Labour Leader)

Höchste Führungsebene

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

General labor leader; highest regional RAD commander.

Above: Reichsarbeitsführer Below: Oberarbeitsführer

Full entry

Function and command scope

Commanded RAD Gauarbeitsgau (50,000-100,000 men); regional supreme RAD authority.

Insignia

Brown RAD uniform with highest decorations, collar patches with oak leaves and stars.

Equivalents in other organisations

Wehrmacht Generalmajor / Generalleutnantgeneral officer

Reichsarbeitsführer (Reich Labour Leader)

Höchste Führungsebene

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Head of the entire Reich Labour Service and State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of the Interior.

Above: Führer (Adolf Hitler) Below: Generalarbeitsführer

Full entry

Function and command scope

Supreme commander of entire RAD (male and female); State Secretary in Ministry of Interior.

Insignia

Brown RAD uniform with most elaborate decorations, unique insignia.

Notes

Held exclusively by Konstantin Hierl. Controlled ~350,000 men and 150,000 women.

Equivalents in other organisations

Wehrmacht Generaloberstsupreme commander equivalent

Reichsreferentin (National Director)

Höchste Führungsebene

Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service)

Reich Female Labor Leader; supreme commander of female RAD.

Above: Reichsarbeitsführer Below: RAD-wJ-Führerin

Full entry

Function and command scope

Supreme commander of entire RAD-wJ; subordinate to Reichsarbeitsführer.

Insignia

Blue RAD uniform with highest decorations.

Notes

Held by Dr. Helene Hüttmann. Controlled ~150,000 women.

Historical context

How to use this encyclopedia

The entries document historical ranks, functions and approximate correspondences for research and teaching. Grades that look parallel did not necessarily carry the same authority, duties or standing, so the comparisons are an orientation and not an equation.

The list does not claim to be complete, and some of the party and labour service hierarchies are documented far less evenly than the armed forces. Corrections and sourced additions are welcome through the contact page.

How do I compare a rank across two organisations?

Use the equivalents listed in each entry, and treat them as orientation rather than as identity. A Wehrmacht Hauptmann and an SS-Hauptsturmführer sat at the same point on paper, but they commanded different kinds of unit, answered to different chains and held different legal standing. The comparison tells you roughly where a man stood; it does not tell you what he could order.

What do OR and OF numbers mean here?

They are the modern NATO grade codes, OR-1 to OR-9 for enlisted ranks and non-commissioned officers and OF-1 to OF-10 for officers. They did not exist in 1940 and are used here only as a neutral ladder that lets ranks from different organisations be placed side by side.

What was the difference between Unteroffiziere with and without Portepee?

The Portepee was a sword knot, and it marked the senior half of the non-commissioned ranks. Unteroffizier and Unterfeldwebel wore none; from Feldwebel upwards a man carried it, ate in the senior NCO mess and held disciplinary authority that the ranks below him did not. It is the sharpest internal division in the Wehrmacht rank structure and it has no equivalent in the Anglo-American system.

Did a party rank carry military authority?

No. SA, NSDAP, Hitler Youth and Labour Service ranks were internal to those organisations and commanded nothing in the armed forces. The Waffen-SS is the exception that matters: its ranks were SS ranks, but its divisions fought under army command in the field, so an SS officer at the front had operational authority that an SA officer of the same nominal grade never had.

Why do some entries carry more detail than others?

Because the sources do. Where insignia, requirements, pay group or period of use are documented for a rank, they are given; where they are not, the field is left out rather than filled with a guess. Entries will be expanded as material is confirmed.

Can I use this to identify a rank in a photograph?

It will get you close, and it is not enough on its own. Read the rank insignia together with the branch colour, the unit numbering, the cut of the uniform and the date. The companion encyclopedia on branch colours covers the colour side of that in detail.